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Ver. 1. Arad. This was either the name of the king, or of his city, which was situated in the southern parts of Chanaan, and which fell to the share of Hobab, in the tribe of Juda. H. — When this king heard, by means of his spies, or was informed that Israel intended to make an irruption into his country like spies, without declaring war, or by the way which their spies had marked out either just before, or in the second year after their exit; or in fine, by the road, which the Sept. leave untranslated, Athrim, and which means "of the spies," he resolved to be beforehand with them; and, coming suddenly upon them, took some spoils, or, according to the Heb. Sept. &c. "captives." These, by the ancient laws of war, he might either sell or put to death. Vendere cum possis captivum, ocidere noli. Horace. Grot. Jur. iii. 7. The Rabbins pretend that this king took fresh courage on account of the death of Aaron, and the consequent disappearance of the cloud, and that he drove the Israelites seven encampments back, as far as Mosera, which they confound with Haseroth.

Ver. 2. Cities. Heb. "I will subject their cities to anathema, or utter destruction." This vow they probably made at the place called Horma, or "Anathema," which was anciently called Saphaad. Judg. i. 17. They fully executed their threat under Josue, who defeated the king of Hered, (Jos. xii. 14,) though they destroyed, at present, whatever they could. Arad was afterwards rebuilt by Hobab.

Ver. 3. Anathema. That is, a thing devoted to utter destruction. Ch. — The explanation of Horma is inserted by S. Jerom. H.

Ver. 4. Edom, one of the princes, had refused them a passage; upon which they went by Salmona to Phunon, (C. xxxiii. 37. 42,) where they probably murmured, (C. v.) and were bitten by the serpents, as we read in this chapter. C.

Ver. 5. God. They had before often directed their complaints against the two brothers. Now, Aaron being no more, they attack God himself, who had always resented the injury done to his ministers. — Food. So they call the heavenly manna: thus worldlings loathe the things of heaven, for which they have no relish. Ch. — Sept. "our soul is indignant at this most empty bread," which has no solidity in it, nor support. Many translate the Heb. "most vile bread." Thus, in the blessed eucharist, the substance of bread is removed, and the accidents only appear; so that to the worldly receiver, it seems very empty and light, though in reality it be supersubstantial; containing Christ himself, who fills the worthy communicant with grace and comfort, and enables him to go forward, on the road to heaven, without fainting. H.

• * Judith 8:25
  Were destroyed by the destroyer, and perished by serpents.
• * Wisdom 16:5
  For when the fierce rage of beasts came upon these, they were destroyed by the bitings of crooked serpents.
• * 1_Corinthians 10:9
  Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them tempted and perished by the serpent.

Ver. 6. Fiery serpents. They are so called, because they that were bitten by them were burnt with a violent heat. Ch. — Hence they are called seraphim, by which name an order of angels is known. The Egyptians adored a serpent which they called serapis, at Rome; and they represented their god serapis, with a serpent entwining a monstrous figure, composed of a lion, a dog, and a wolf. Macrob. Saturn i. 20. The seraph was a winged serpent. Isai. xiv. 29. and xxx. 6. Such often infested Egypt, in spring, coming from Arabia, unless they were intercepted by the ibis. Their wings resembled those of bats. Herod. ii. 76. Mela, &c. God probably sent some of this description into the camp of the Israelites. C. — Some call them prœster, (Plin. xxiv. 13,) from their burning; others the hydra, or, when out of water, the chershydra, the venom of which is most dangerous. The Sept. style them simply, "the destroying, or deadly serpents." See Bochart. T. ii. B. iii. 13. Deut. viii. 15. Wisd. xvi. 5. 10. H.

Ver. 8. Brazen. Heb. "fiery." But in the following verse, it is said to have been "of brass." We might translate, "make a seraph, and fix it upon a standard," (C.) in which form it would resemble one suspended on a cross. It was placed at the entrance of the tabernacle. S. Just. apol. Ezechias afterwards destroyed it, because it was treated with superstitious honours. 4 K. xviii. 4. Thus the best things are often abused. H. — God commands this image to be erected, while he forbids all images of idols. W. — By comparing the different passages of Scripture, we may discern the true import of them. Pictures may often prove very useful and instructive. They serve the ignorant instead of books. But then the ignorant must be carefully instructed not to treat them with improper respect, as S. Gregory admonishes. And is not the same caution requisite for those who read even the word of God, lest they wrest it to their own destruction, as both the unlearned and the unstable frequently do. 2 Pet. iii. 16. If every thing must be rejected which is liable to abuse, what part of the creation will be spared? The Bible, the sacraments, all creatures must be laid aside. For we read, (Rom. viii. 20. 22,) the creature was made subject to vanity — every creature groaneth. H. — It is probable that Moses represented on the standard, such a serpent, as had been the instrument of death. This was not intended for a charm or talisman, as Marsham would impiously pretend. Chron. x. p. 148. Such inventions proceed from the devil; and the Marsi were famous for curing the bites of serpents, by giving certain plates of brass. Arnob. ii. See Psal. lviii. 5. But this image was set up by God's express command; and the Book of Wisdom (xvi. 5. 7,) assures us, that the effect was entirely to be attributed to him, the figure of a brazen serpent being rather calculated to increase than to remove the danger. Kimchi. Muis. Hence Jonathan well observes, that only those were healed who raised their hearts to God. C.

• * John 3:14
  And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the desert, so must the Son of man be lifted up:

Ver. 9. A brazen serpent. This was a figure of Christ crucified, and of the efficacy of a lively faith in him, against the bites of the hellish serpent. John iii. 14. (Ch.) S. Amb. Apol. i. 3. As the old serpent infected the whole human race, Jesus Christ gives life to those that look at him with entire confidence. Theod. q. 38. The brazen serpent was destitute of poison, though it resembled a most noxious animal; so Jesus Christ assumed our nature, yet without sin. C.

Ver. 10. Oboth, where Obodas, an ancient king of the Nabatheans, was adored. Hither they came from Phunon, celebrated for its copper-mines, where Bochart believes the Hebrews were bitten by the serpents, though others say that judgment was inflicted upon them at Salmona; which may be derived from tselem enu, "our image."

Ver. 11. Jebarim[Jeabarim], means "the ford, (of Zared, v. 12,) or the straits of passages, passengers, or Hebrews; or the hills Abarim," which extended over the eastern parts of Moab. It was the 38th station, (C.) at the southern extremity of Mount Abarim. H. — After which Moses specifies those of Zared, (v. 12,) Mathana, Nahaliel, Bamoth, Arnon, (v. 19,) Dibon-gad, and Helmon-dablataim, (C.) all on the sides of that mountain, before they came to the summit, which was also called Phasga and Nabo. C. xxxiii. 45, &c. But Pococke reckons only the two last among the stations, and makes those of Abarim and Shittim the 41st and 42d. The Sept. read, "they encamped in Achelgai, on the other side, in the desert." H. — Eusebius and S. Jerom call this station of Jee, Gai or Hai, which they place near Petra. Jer. xlix. 4. — East. The Sam. here inserts, (Deut. ii. 9,) "And the Lord said to Moses, Fight not," &c.

Ver. 12. Zared. The Israelites passed over this torrent, 38 years after the murmur at Cades-barne, (Deut. ii. 14,) when God ordered Moses not to attack the Moabites.

• * Deuteronomy 2:9
  And the Lord said to me: Fight not against the Moabites, neither go to battle against them: for I will not give thee any of their land, because I have given Ar to the children of Lot in possession.
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• *** Judges 11:18
  And went round the land of Edom at the side, and the land of Moab: and came over against the east coast of the land of Moab, and camped on the other side of the Arnon: and he would not enter the bounds of Moab.
• *** Deuteronomy 2:24
  Arise ye, and pass the torrent Arnon: Behold I have delivered into thy hand Sehon king of Hesebon the Amorrhite, and begin thou to possess his land and make war against him.

Ver. 13. Against. Heb. "on the other, or on this side of (the river, v. 14) Arnon," which runs from the east, almost in the same direction as the torrent of Zared, but empties itself into the Dead Sea higher up, near the mouth of the Jordan. C. — It divides the Moabites from their brethren, the children of Ammon, who lay to the north-east. The Hebrews encamped on the south side of this river, in the desert of Cademoth, (Deut. ii. 26,) whence they sent to ask leave of Sehon to pass through his dominions; but, on his refusal, God ordered them to cross the Arnon by force. C.

Ver. 14. The book of the wars, &c. An ancient book, which, like several others quoted in Scripture, has been lost. Ch. — S. Augustine (q. 42) thinks this book was written by one of that country. Others believe that Moses wrote a more detailed account of the wars which he had to wage with the Amalecites, (Ex. xvii. 14,) and these other nations, out of which he has only inserted some of the heads in the Pentateuch. But whether these two verses were taken from another work of Moses, or from the history of some other person, they are now of divine authority. Saul says to David, (1 K. xviii. 17,) fight the battles of the Lord,...and the children of God and of Ruben pass all armed for war before the Lord, (C. xxxii. 29. C.) whence it appears, that the wars of the Hebrews were attributed to God. Tostat is of opinion, that the Book of the Just, is the same with that to which Moses here refers. See Jos. x. 13. 2 K. i. 18. But Theodoret thinks rather, that the former was a more extensive account of the transactions of Josue, out of which the book which bears his name was compiled. Such records certainly existed, to which the sacred historians frequently refer: and it is very probable, that a work of this nature was compiled in the days of Moses, or perhaps before his time. S. Aug. C. D. xviii. As it contained a prediction, respecting the future wars, in which the Hebrews were about to engage, it could not but make a suitable impression upon them. It might already be in every one's mouth, and the Heb. may insinuate, that it would be handed down to the latest posterity: "Wherefore in the history, or account of the wars of the Lord, this also shall be mentioned," jamor, dicetur. According to this interpretation, it would not be necessary to suppose, that Moses refers to any more ancient book, as sepher means also, "a narration" by word of mouth; and R. Menachem believes, that God had revealed this event to Moses, encouraging him with the assurance, that he would give him the victory over the nations bordering upon the Arnon, as he had done over the Egyptians and Amalecites at the Red Sea. See Sixt. Senens. H. — Of Arnon, the waters of which are supposed to have given the Hebrews a passage, as the Chaldee asserts on the authority of Ps. lxxiii. 15. Habacuc (iii. 13) also mentions that several rivers were dried up by God. The Hebrew text is almost unintelligible, "From, or against, Vaheb to Supha." As there is no verb, some translate, "he (Sehon) fought against Vaheb (Grotius reads Moab) at Supha, or he came to Veb." Some render this word, he made, "a whirlpool in the torrents of Arnon." But Calmet would substitute Zared instead of Vaheb: "The encamped at the torrent of Zared, and came to Supha, (Deut. i. 1, where we read the Red Sea) to the torrent of Arnon." Protestants translate, "What he did in the Red Sea, and in the brooks of Arnon, (16) and at the stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth upon the border of Moab." H.

Ver. 15. The rocks. Some assert, that the rocks fell upon the enemy: others, that they gave way and opened a passage for the Hebrews, while the rivers were also dried up. Heb. "They encamped on the stream of the torrents, which bends towards the dwelling (or city) of Ar, and rests upon the frontiers of Moab." Thus the book to which Moses alludes, confirms his account of these different encampments. C. — The Sept. give rather a different turn of these two verses: "Hence it is said in a book, The war of the Lord has burnt Zoob and the torrents of Arnon—and has sent the torrents to inhabit Er: and it lies upon the borders of Moab." The river, it seems, had been removed out of its bead by a subterraneous fire or earthquake, and deluged the city of Ar, belonging to Moab. The mighty hand of God terrified those nations, while all nature fought against the wicked and the unwise. Wisd. v. 21. H. — Rocks were hurled upon the heads of the Amorrhites, and the waters conveyed their dead bodies into the vale of Moab. W.

Ver. 16. Well. Heb., Beer. H. — This station is not mentioned under the same name at least, C. xxxiii. Probably the inhabitants had covered up this well with sand, and God having discovered it to Moses, he informed the princes, who pushed their staves down. Upon which the waters appearing, the people sung a hymn of thanksgiving and joy. Water is very scarce, and, of course, of course, of great value in those deserts, where, even still, the Arabs conceal their wells, and often fight to hinder passengers from taking any of the water. C.

Ver. 17. They sung. Heb. "sing ye unto it," in chorus, men and women. Sept. "commence a canticle unto it. This well the princes dug, the kings of nations hewed in the rock, in their kingdom, while they held dominion."

Ver. 18. Mathana. Perhaps they did not stop here, though all the encampments are not specified, C. xxxiii. Nahaliel, "God my torrent," and Bamoth, "the heights," are also situated upon the Arnon.

Ver. 20. Desert. Heb. and Chal. "Yeshimon," (Jos. xiii. 28. Ezec. xxv. 9,) a city of the Moabites.

• * Deuteronomy 2:26
  So I sent messengers from the wilderness of Cademoth to Sehon the king of Hesebon with peaceable words, saying:
• * Judges 11:19
  So Israel sent messengers to Sehon, king of the Amorrhites, who dwelt in Hesebon, and they said to him: Suffer me to pass through thy land to the river.

Ver. 21. Messengers, not from the city of Cademoth, which was in the midst of Phasga, but from a desert of the same name, situated out of the dominions of Sehon. Deut. ii. 24. Euseb. — God and[had] already promised this country to Abraham, and though Moses did not intend to attack the king at present, being eager to fall upon the Chanaanites on the other side of the Jordan, God punishes the refusal of Sehon, to let his people pass, by a swifter destruction. C. — The measure of his crimes was full, though the mere denial of a passage to such a vast multitude might even by justified by sound policy. H.

Ver. 22. Wells. We shall content ourselves with the torrents. They had only to travel about thirty miles. C.

Ver. 23. Jasa was not far from the Arnon, between Medaba and Dibon. Isai. xv. 4. Euseb.

• * Psalms 134:11
  Sehon king of the Amorrhites, and Og king of Basan, and all the kingdoms of Chanaan.
• * Amos 2:9
  Yet I cast out the Amorrhite before their face: whose height was like the height of cedars, and who was strong as an oak: and I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots beneath.

Ver. 24. Garrison, either against Sehon, or against the Hebrews, whom God did not, as yet, authorize to attack the Ammonites, (C.) though the latter knew it not. H.

Ver. 26. Arnon. Hence this territory, which formerly belonged to Moab, being taken in a just war, the Moabites could not lawfully retain it, as they attempted to do under Jephte. Jud. xi. 13. Grot. Jur. iii. 6. — Hesebon, or Esbus, was the capital, and lay over-against Jericho, twenty miles from the Jordan.

Ver. 27. Proverb. Heb. Moshelim: "Those who speak proverbs, or enigmas, say." Those were the ancient poets of the Amorrhites, who composed this canticle on the victory of Sehon. C. — Moses inserts it in his work, as an additional proof, that the country was entirely lost to Moab, and as a denunciation of the evils which still hung over the head of that people, and would be inflicted upon them by David, &c. 2 K. x. i. and 4 K. iii. 16. Amos i. 13. H.

Ver. 28. A fire and flame, denote the horrors of war. Jud. ix. 20. — Ar. Sam. and Sept. read ád, "hath consumed even the country of the Moabites and the lords (or pillars, Sept.) of Bamoth, (the heights mentioned v. 18, 19,) on the Arnon." These lords may be the principal men, priests, or gods of the city. Jeremias (xlviii. 45,) reads this passage in a different manner, "it (the flame) shall devour part of Moab, and the crown of the head of the children of tumult." The city of Ar (which some confound with Aroer) always continued in the hands of the Moabites, so that the efforts of Sehon against it, seem to have proved abortive. Deut. ii. 9. 18. 29. Bonfrere. See C. xxiv. 17.

• * Judges 11:24
  Are not those things which thy god Chamos possesseth, due to thee by right? But what the Lord our God hath obtained by conquest, shall be our possession:
• * 3_Kings 11:7
  Then Solomon built a temple for Chamos, the idol of Moab, on the hill that is over against Jerusalem, and for Moloch, the idol of the children of Ammon.

Ver. 29. He. Chamos, the idol of Moab, is upbraided as too weak to defend his people. The pagans generally formed their judgments of the power of their gods, by the event; and, if that proved unfortunate, they were ever ready to consign the idols to the flames. Chamos was probably the sun. C. — Some say he was Bacchus, whom the Greeks call Komas. M.

Ver. 30. Hesebon in the north, to Dibon in the southern extremity of the conquered country, near the Arnon, where Moses places the station of Dibon-gad. The yoke, or dominion of the Moabites, was ruined in all those parts. C. — Heb. "We have shot at them; or their lamp, (children or power,) from Hesebon as far as Dibon is extinguished; and their wives (or we have destroyed them) even unto Nophe and Medaba." Sept. "Their women have still kindled a fire against Moab." Nophe is probably the Nabo of Isaias, (xv. 2,) in the environs of Medaba, where the fainting Moabites had time to breathe. The fire, which the Sept. say the women enkindled against Moab, might seem to indicate that the war was commenced on their account, like that which brought on the destruction of Troy. They entailed a still heavier destruction upon their country, when, by alluring the Hebrews to sin, they enkindled God's indignation. C. xxv. With this verse the quotation, from the Amorrhite proverbial writers, concludes, v. 27. H.

Ver. 32. Jazer, a famous city, 15 miles from Hesebon, given afterwards to the Levites. Moses "took the Amorrhites who were there" prisoners, according to the Heb.; or, "drove them away," (Sept.) putting to death those who continued to make resistance. C.

• * Deuteronomy 3:3
  So the Lord our God delivered into our hands, Og also, the king of Basan, and all his people: and we utterly destroyed them,
• * Deuteronomy 29:7
  And you came to this place: and Sehon king of Hesebon, and Og king of Basan, came out against us to fight. And we slew them.
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Ver. 33. Og, the king of the most fertile country of Basan, was of gigantic stature. Deut. iii. 11. The Rabbins relate many fables concerning him. — Edrai was 15 miles to the north of the torrent Jeboc, (C.) which was the southern extremity of this territory. H.