Ver. 1. Land. He conquered many countries on the continent, and several to which he could not come but by water, which the Jews call islands, whether they were surrounded on all sides by the sea or not. Heb. has not the word all: but as the expressions are indefinite, they are usually taken in this sense. Yet we must not suppose, that the dominion of Assuerus extended over the whole world, no more than that of the Romans, who were styled masters of it. Before this king, the provinces had not paid tribute, but gave what they judged proper. But Darius laid a heavy tribute upon all, that, when half was afterwards remitted, they might esteem it a favour. The Persians hence looked upon him as a trafficker: καπηλος. Herod. iii. 89. and iv. 44. and vi. 7. &c. C. — Providence punished them for thirsting after the possessions and blood of the Jews. T.

Ver. 3. Seed. Benjamin (Itin.) informs us, that both he and the queen were buried in the chief city of the Medes, which he calls "the great Hamda;" perhaps the province Mardochæa, (or Αμορδακια. Ptol. v. 20.) near the Persian gulf, may have been called after this statesman. T.

Ver. 4. Then Mardochai, &c. Here S. Jerom advertiseth the reader, that what follows is not in the Hebrew; but is found in the Sept. Greek edition, which the 72 interpreters translated out of the Hebrew, or added by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost. Ch. — He says, "What is extant in Heb. I have faithfully translated. What follows I found in the Vulg. edition, contained in the Greek language and character: and in the mean time, or waving all dispute for the present, (interim) this little chapter was inserted at the end of the book, which, according to our custom, we have marked with an obel or spit." H. — These fragments (H.) which the Sept. might have in Heb. or wrote by inspiration, (W.) are not in Chal. or Syr. and the old Latin version, taken from the Greek (C.) of Lysimachus, (C. xi. 1. H.) is inserted by S. Jerom. C. — Things. He attributes the salvation of the Jews to God alone. H. — Reflecting on the fall of Aman, (T.) he recollects a dream which he had formerly had. H.

Ver. 5. A dream. This dream was prophetical and extraordinary, otherwise the general rule is, not to observe them. Ch.

Ver. 6. And was. Sept. "and there was light, and the sun and much water." The light enabled him to discern the progress of the little fountain. Yet it was not absurd that the water should appear luminous, like the sun, as it was intended to shew the wonderful exaltation of Esther. H. — She extinguished a great fire, which threatened ruin. M.

Ver. 10. Lots. Alluding to the Purim of Aman; (C. Capel.) or rather these are only mentioned, v. 13. Houbigant. — Gr. "He had therefore made two lots...and the two lots came to the hour and time and day of judgment before God, and for all nations." H.

Ver. 11. Time. From all eternity (T.) God had ordained to save his people; and this he declared to his servant, by shewing him two lots. H. — This became more intelligible after the event, (T.) like other predictions. H.

Ver. 12. Mercy. Gr. "justified." But this often means, shewed mercy. Ex. xxxiv. 7. C. — The book concludes in Greek with the first verse, which we have in the following chapter, though some editions seem (H.) to have had that remark (D.) of the Alexandrian Jews, (C.) at the head of the book. H.